Notes (old posts, page 1)

Variational Inference with Implicit Approximate Inference Models (WIP Pt. 8)

In [1]:
%matplotlib inline
%config InlineBackend.figure_format = 'svg'
In [2]:
import numpy as np
import keras.backend as K

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import seaborn as sns

from scipy.stats import logistic, multivariate_normal, norm
from scipy.special import expit

from keras.models import Model, Sequential
from keras.layers import Activation, Dense, Dot, Input
from keras.optimizers import Adam
from keras.utils.vis_utils import model_to_dot

from mpl_toolkits.mplot3d import Axes3D
from matplotlib.animation import FuncAnimation

from IPython.display import HTML, SVG, display_html
from tqdm import tnrange, tqdm_notebook
Using TensorFlow backend.
In [3]:
# display animation inline
plt.rc('animation', html='html5')
plt.style.use('seaborn-notebook')
sns.set_context('notebook')
In [4]:
np.set_printoptions(precision=2,
                    edgeitems=3,
                    linewidth=80,
                    suppress=True)
In [5]:
K.tf.__version__
Out[5]:
'1.2.1'
In [6]:
LATENT_DIM = 2
NOISE_DIM = 3
BATCH_SIZE = 200
PRIOR_VARIANCE = 2.
LEARNING_RATE = 3e-3
PRETRAIN_EPOCHS = 60

Bayesian Logistic Regression (Synthetic Data)

In [7]:
w_min, w_max = -5, 5
In [8]:
w1, w2 = np.mgrid[w_min:w_max:300j, w_min:w_max:300j]
In [9]:
w_grid = np.dstack((w1, w2))
w_grid.shape
Out[9]:
(300, 300, 2)
In [10]:
prior = multivariate_normal(mean=np.zeros(LATENT_DIM), 
                            cov=PRIOR_VARIANCE)
In [11]:
log_prior = prior.logpdf(w_grid)
log_prior.shape
Out[11]:
(300, 300)
In [12]:
fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(5, 5))

ax.contourf(w1, w2, log_prior, cmap='magma')

ax.set_xlabel('$w_1$')
ax.set_ylabel('$w_2$')

ax.set_xlim(w_min, w_max)
ax.set_ylim(w_min, w_max)

plt.show()
In [13]:
x1 = np.array([ 1.5,  1.])
x2 = np.array([-1.5,  1.])
x3 = np.array([  .5, -1.])
In [14]:
X = np.vstack((x1, x2, x3))
X.shape
Out[14]:
(3, 2)
In [15]:
y1 = 1
y2 = 1
y3 = 0
In [16]:
y = np.stack((y1, y2, y3))
y.shape
Out[16]:
(3,)
In [17]:
def log_likelihood(w, x, y):
    # equiv. to negative binary cross entropy
    return np.log(expit(np.dot(w.T, x)*(-1)**(1-y)))
In [18]:
llhs = log_likelihood(w_grid.T, X.T, y)
llhs.shape
Out[18]:
(300, 300, 3)
In [19]:
fig, axes = plt.subplots(ncols=3, nrows=1, figsize=(6, 2))
fig.tight_layout()

for i, ax in enumerate(axes):
    
    ax.contourf(w1, w2, llhs[::,::,i], cmap=plt.cm.magma)

    ax.set_xlim(w_min, w_max)
    ax.set_ylim(w_min, w_max)
    
    ax.set_title('$p(y_{{{0}}} \mid x_{{{0}}}, w)$'.format(i+1))
    ax.set_xlabel('$w_1$')    
    
    if not i:
        ax.set_ylabel('$w_2$')

plt.show()
In [20]:
fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(5, 5))

ax.contourf(w1, w2, np.sum(llhs, axis=2), 
                cmap=plt.cm.magma)

ax.set_xlabel('$w_1$')
ax.set_ylabel('$w_2$')

ax.set_xlim(w_min, w_max)
ax.set_ylim(w_min, w_max)

plt.show()
In [21]:
fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(5, 5))

ax.contourf(w1, w2, 
            np.exp(log_prior+np.sum(llhs, axis=2)), 
            cmap='magma')

ax.scatter(*X.T, c=y, cmap='coolwarm', marker=',')

ax.set_xlabel('$w_1$')
ax.set_ylabel('$w_2$')

ax.set_xlim(w_min, w_max)
ax.set_ylim(w_min, w_max)

plt.show()

Model Definitions

Density Ratio Estimator (Discriminator) Model

$T_{\psi}(x, z)$

Here we consider

$T_{\psi}(w)$

$T_{\psi} : \mathbb{R}^2 \to \mathbb{R}$

In [22]:
discriminator = Sequential(name='discriminator')
discriminator.add(Dense(10, input_dim=LATENT_DIM, activation='relu'))
discriminator.add(Dense(20, activation='relu'))
discriminator.add(Dense(1, activation=None, name='logit'))
discriminator.add(Activation('sigmoid'))
discriminator.compile(optimizer=Adam(lr=LEARNING_RATE),
                      loss='binary_crossentropy',
                      metrics=['binary_accuracy'])
In [23]:
ratio_estimator = Model(
    inputs=discriminator.inputs, 
    outputs=discriminator.get_layer(name='logit').output)
In [24]:
SVG(model_to_dot(discriminator, show_shapes=True)
    .create(prog='dot', format='svg'))
Out[24]:
G 139996050319736 dense_1_input: InputLayerinput:output:(None, 2)(None, 2)139996049881464 dense_1: Denseinput:output:(None, 2)(None, 10)139996050319736->139996049881464 139996049882416 dense_2: Denseinput:output:(None, 10)(None, 20)139996049881464->139996049882416 139996050321304 logit: Denseinput:output:(None, 20)(None, 1)139996049882416->139996050321304 139996050741624 activation_1: Activationinput:output:(None, 1)(None, 1)139996050321304->139996050741624
In [25]:
w_grid_ratio = ratio_estimator.predict(w_grid.reshape(300*300, 2))
w_grid_ratio = w_grid_ratio.reshape(300, 300)

Initial density ratio, prior to any training

In [26]:
fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(5, 5))

ax.contourf(w1, w2, w_grid_ratio, cmap=plt.cm.magma)

ax.set_xlabel('$w_1$')
ax.set_ylabel('$w_2$')

ax.set_xlim(w_min, w_max)
ax.set_ylim(w_min, w_max)

plt.show()
In [27]:
discriminator.evaluate(prior.rvs(size=5), np.zeros(5))
5/5 [==============================] - 0s
Out[27]:
[0.62235820293426514, 0.60000002384185791]

Approximate Inference Model

$z_{\phi}(x, \epsilon)$

Here we only consider

$z_{\phi}(\epsilon)$

$z_{\phi}: \mathbb{R}^3 \to \mathbb{R}^2$

In [28]:
inference = Sequential()
inference.add(Dense(10, input_dim=NOISE_DIM, activation='relu'))
inference.add(Dense(20, activation='relu'))
inference.add(Dense(LATENT_DIM, activation=None))
inference.summary()
_________________________________________________________________
Layer (type)                 Output Shape              Param #   
=================================================================
dense_3 (Dense)              (None, 10)                40        
_________________________________________________________________
dense_4 (Dense)              (None, 20)                220       
_________________________________________________________________
dense_5 (Dense)              (None, 2)                 42        
=================================================================
Total params: 302
Trainable params: 302
Non-trainable params: 0
_________________________________________________________________

The variational parameters $\phi$ are the trainable weights of the approximate inference model

In [29]:
phi = inference.trainable_weights
phi
Out[29]:
[<tf.Variable 'dense_3/kernel:0' shape=(3, 10) dtype=float32_ref>,
 <tf.Variable 'dense_3/bias:0' shape=(10,) dtype=float32_ref>,
 <tf.Variable 'dense_4/kernel:0' shape=(10, 20) dtype=float32_ref>,
 <tf.Variable 'dense_4/bias:0' shape=(20,) dtype=float32_ref>,
 <tf.Variable 'dense_5/kernel:0' shape=(20, 2) dtype=float32_ref>,
 <tf.Variable 'dense_5/bias:0' shape=(2,) dtype=float32_ref>]
In [30]:
SVG(model_to_dot(inference, show_shapes=True)
    .create(prog='dot', format='svg'))
Out[30]:
G 139996049667352 dense_3_input: InputLayerinput:output:(None, 3)(None, 3)139996049443528 dense_3: Denseinput:output:(None, 3)(None, 10)139996049667352->139996049443528 139996049443416 dense_4: Denseinput:output:(None, 10)(None, 20)139996049443528->139996049443416 139996049667520 dense_5: Denseinput:output:(None, 20)(None, 2)139996049443416->139996049667520
In [31]:
w_sample_prior = prior.rvs(size=BATCH_SIZE)
w_sample_prior.shape
Out[31]:
(200, 2)
In [32]:
eps = np.random.randn(BATCH_SIZE, NOISE_DIM)
w_sample_posterior = inference.predict(eps)
w_sample_posterior.shape
Out[32]:
(200, 2)
In [33]:
inputs = np.vstack((w_sample_prior, w_sample_posterior))
targets = np.hstack((np.zeros(BATCH_SIZE), np.ones(BATCH_SIZE)))
In [34]:
fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(5, 5))

ax.contourf(w1, w2, 
            np.exp(log_prior+np.sum(llhs, axis=2)), 
            cmap=plt.cm.magma)

ax.scatter(*inputs.T, c=targets, s=4.**2, alpha=.8, cmap='coolwarm')

ax.set_xlabel('$w_1$')
ax.set_ylabel('$w_2$')

ax.set_xlim(w_min, w_max)
ax.set_ylim(w_min, w_max)

plt.show()
In [35]:
metrics = discriminator.evaluate(inputs, targets)
 32/400 [=>............................] - ETA: 0s
In [36]:
w_grid_ratio = ratio_estimator.predict(w_grid.reshape(300*300, 2))
w_grid_ratio = w_grid_ratio.reshape(300, 300)
In [37]:
metrics
Out[37]:
[0.69308857917785649, 0.47749999999999998]
In [38]:
metrics_dict = dict(zip(discriminator.metrics_names, metrics))
In [39]:
fig, (ax1, ax2) = plt.subplots(nrows=1, ncols=2, figsize=(9, 4))

metrics_plots = {k:ax1.plot([], label=k)[0] 
                 for k in ['loss']} # discriminator.metrics_names}

ax1.set_xlabel('epoch')
ax1.legend(loc='upper left')

ax2.contourf(w1, w2, w_grid_ratio, cmap='magma')
ax2.scatter(*inputs.T, c=targets, s=4.**2, alpha=.8, cmap='coolwarm')

ax2.set_xlabel('$w_1$')
ax2.set_ylabel('$w_2$')

ax2.set_xlim(w_min, w_max)
ax2.set_ylim(w_min, w_max)

plt.show()
Discriminator pre-training
In [40]:
def train_animate(epoch_num, prog_bar, batch_size=200, steps_per_epoch=15):

    # Single training epoch
    
    for step in tnrange(steps_per_epoch, unit='step', leave=False):

        w_sample_prior = prior.rvs(size=batch_size)

        eps = np.random.randn(batch_size, NOISE_DIM)
        w_sample_posterior = inference.predict(eps)

        inputs = np.vstack((w_sample_prior, w_sample_posterior))
        targets = np.hstack((np.zeros(batch_size), np.ones(batch_size)))

        metrics = discriminator.train_on_batch(inputs, targets)

    # Plot Metrics
        
    metrics_dict = dict(zip(discriminator.metrics_names, metrics))

    for metric in metrics_plots:
        metrics_plots[metric].set_xdata(np.append(metrics_plots[metric].get_xdata(), 
                                                  epoch_num))    
        metrics_plots[metric].set_ydata(np.append(metrics_plots[metric].get_ydata(), 
                                                  metrics_dict[metric]))
        metrics_plots[metric].set_label('{} ({:.2f})' \
                                        .format(metric, 
                                                metrics_dict[metric]))
    
    ax1.set_xlabel('epoch {:2d}'.format(epoch_num))
    ax1.legend(loc='upper left')

    ax1.relim()
    ax1.autoscale_view()
    
    # Contour Plot
    
    ax2.cla()

    w_grid_ratio = ratio_estimator.predict(w_grid.reshape(300*300, 2))
    w_grid_ratio = w_grid_ratio.reshape(300, 300)

    ax2.contourf(w1, w2, w_grid_ratio, cmap='magma')
    ax2.scatter(*inputs.T, c=targets, s=4.**2, alpha=.8, cmap='coolwarm')

    ax2.set_xlabel('$w_1$')
    ax2.set_ylabel('$w_2$')

    ax2.set_xlim(w_min, w_max)
    ax2.set_ylim(w_min, w_max)
    
    # Progress Bar Updates
    
    prog_bar.update()
    prog_bar.set_postfix(**metrics_dict)

    return list(metrics_plots.values())
In [41]:
# main training loop is managed by higher-order
# FuncAnimation which makes calls to an `animate` 
# function that encapsulates the logic of single
# training epoch. Has benefit of producing 
# animation but can incur significant overhead
with tqdm_notebook(total=PRETRAIN_EPOCHS, 
                   unit='epoch', leave=True) as prog_bar:

    anim = FuncAnimation(fig, 
                         train_animate,
                         fargs=(prog_bar,),
                         frames=PRETRAIN_EPOCHS,
                         interval=200, # 5 fps
                         blit=True)

    anim_html5_video = anim.to_html5_video()
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In [42]:
HTML(anim_html5_video)
Out[42]:
In [43]:
inputs = np.vstack((w_sample_prior, w_sample_posterior))
targets = np.hstack((np.zeros(BATCH_SIZE), np.ones(BATCH_SIZE)))
In [44]:
metrics = discriminator.evaluate(inputs, targets)
 32/400 [=>............................] - ETA: 0s
In [45]:
w_grid_ratio = ratio_estimator.predict(w_grid.reshape(300*300, 2))
w_grid_ratio = w_grid_ratio.reshape(300, 300)
In [46]:
fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(5, 5))

ax.contourf(w1, w2, w_grid_ratio, cmap='magma')

ax.scatter(*inputs.T, c=targets, s=4.**2, alpha=.8, cmap='coolwarm')

metrics_dict = dict(zip(discriminator.metrics_names, metrics))

props = dict(boxstyle='round', facecolor='w', alpha=0.5)

ax.text(0.05, 0.05, 
        ('accuracy: {binary_accuracy:.2f}\n'        
         'loss: {loss:.2f}').format(**metrics_dict), 
        transform=ax.transAxes, bbox=props)

ax.set_xlabel('$w_1$')
ax.set_ylabel('$w_2$')

ax.set_xlim(w_min, w_max)
ax.set_ylim(w_min, w_max)

plt.show()

Evidence lower bound

In [47]:
def set_trainable(model, trainable):
    """inorder traversal"""
    model.trainable = trainable

    if isinstance(model, Model): # i.e. has layers
        for layer in model.layers:
            set_trainable(layer, trainable)
In [48]:
y_pred = K.sigmoid(K.dot(
    K.constant(w_grid),
    K.transpose(K.constant(X))))
y_pred
Out[48]:
<tf.Tensor 'Sigmoid:0' shape=(300, 300, 3) dtype=float32>
In [49]:
y_true = K.ones((300, 300, 1))*K.constant(y)
y_true
Out[49]:
<tf.Tensor 'mul_33:0' shape=(300, 300, 3) dtype=float32>
In [50]:
llhs_keras = - K.binary_crossentropy(
                   y_pred, 
                   y_true, 
                   from_logits=False)
In [51]:
sess = K.get_session()
In [52]:
np.allclose(np.sum(llhs, axis=-1),
            sess.run(K.sum(llhs_keras, axis=-1)))
Out[52]:
True
In [53]:
fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(5, 5))

ax.contourf(w1, w2, sess.run(K.sum(llhs_keras, axis=-1)), 
            cmap=plt.cm.magma)

ax.set_xlabel('$w_1$')
ax.set_ylabel('$w_2$')

ax.set_xlim(w_min, w_max)
ax.set_ylim(w_min, w_max)

plt.show()
In [54]:
def make_elbo(ratio_estimator):
    
    set_trainable(ratio_estimator, False)
    
    def elbo(y_true, w_sample):
        kl_estimate = ratio_estimator(w_sample)
        y_pred = K.dot(w_sample, K.transpose(K.constant(X)))
        log_likelihood = - K.binary_crossentropy(y_pred, y_true, 
                                                 from_logits=True)
        return K.mean(log_likelihood-kl_estimate, axis=-1)

    return elbo
In [55]:
elbo = make_elbo(ratio_estimator)
In [56]:
fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(5, 5))

ax.contourf(w1, w2, sess.run(elbo(y_true, K.constant(w_grid))), 
            cmap=plt.cm.magma)

ax.set_xlabel('$w_1$')
ax.set_ylabel('$w_2$')

ax.set_xlim(w_min, w_max)
ax.set_ylim(w_min, w_max)

plt.show()
In [57]:
inference_loss = lambda y_true, w_sample: -make_elbo(ratio_estimator)(y_true, w_sample)
In [58]:
inference.compile(loss=inference_loss, 
                  optimizer=Adam(lr=LEARNING_RATE))
In [59]:
eps = np.random.randn(BATCH_SIZE, NOISE_DIM)
In [60]:
y_true = K.repeat_elements(K.expand_dims(K.constant(y), axis=0), 
                           axis=0, rep=BATCH_SIZE)
y_true
Out[60]:
<tf.Tensor 'concat:0' shape=(200, 3) dtype=float32>
In [61]:
sess.run(K.mean(elbo(y_true, inference(K.constant(eps))), axis=-1))
Out[61]:
-2.5127466
In [62]:
inference.evaluate(eps, np.tile(y, reps=(BATCH_SIZE, 1)))
 32/200 [===>..........................] - ETA: 0s
Out[62]:
2.5127464294433595

Adversarial Training

In [63]:
fig, (ax1, ax2) = plt.subplots(nrows=1, ncols=2, figsize=(9, 4))

global_epoch = 0

loss_plot_inference, = ax1.plot([], label='inference')
loss_plot_discrim, = ax1.plot([], label='discriminator')

ax1.set_xlabel('epoch')
ax1.set_ylabel('loss')
ax1.legend(loc='upper left')

ax2.contourf(w1, w2, w_grid_ratio, cmap='magma')
ax2.scatter(*inputs.T, c=targets, s=4.**2, alpha=.8, cmap='coolwarm')

ax2.set_xlabel('$w_1$')
ax2.set_ylabel('$w_2$')

ax2.set_xlim(w_min, w_max)
ax2.set_ylim(w_min, w_max)

plt.show()
In [64]:
def train_animate(epoch_num, prog_bar, batch_size=200, 
                  steps_per_epoch=15):

    global global_epoch, loss_plot_inference, loss_plot_discrim
    
    # Single training epoch

    ## Ratio estimator training
        
    set_trainable(discriminator, True)

    for _ in tnrange(3*50, unit='step', desc='discriminator', 
                     leave=False):

        w_sample_prior = prior.rvs(size=BATCH_SIZE)

        eps = np.random.randn(BATCH_SIZE, NOISE_DIM)
        w_sample_posterior = inference.predict(eps)

        inputs = np.vstack((w_sample_prior, w_sample_posterior))
        targets = np.hstack((np.zeros(BATCH_SIZE), np.ones(BATCH_SIZE)))

        metrics_discrim = discriminator.train_on_batch(inputs, targets)

    metrics_dict_discrim = dict(zip(discriminator.metrics_names, 
                                    np.atleast_1d(metrics_discrim)))
    
    ## Inference model training
    
    set_trainable(ratio_estimator, False)

    y_tiled = np.tile(y, reps=(BATCH_SIZE, 1))

    for _ in tnrange(1, unit='step', desc='inference', leave=False):

        eps = np.random.randn(BATCH_SIZE, NOISE_DIM)
        metrics_inference = inference.train_on_batch(eps, y_tiled)
        
    metrics_dict_inference = dict(zip(inference.metrics_names, 
                                      np.atleast_1d(metrics_inference)))

    global_epoch += 1
    
    # Plot Loss
 
    loss_plot_inference.set_xdata(np.append(loss_plot_inference.get_xdata(),
                                            global_epoch))
    loss_plot_inference.set_ydata(np.append(loss_plot_inference.get_ydata(), 
                                            metrics_dict_inference['loss']))

    loss_plot_inference.set_label('inference ({:.2f})' \
                                  .format(metrics_dict_inference['loss']))

    loss_plot_discrim.set_xdata(np.append(loss_plot_discrim.get_xdata(),
                                          global_epoch))
    loss_plot_discrim.set_ydata(np.append(loss_plot_discrim.get_ydata(),
                                          metrics_dict_discrim['loss']))

    loss_plot_discrim.set_label('discriminator ({:.2f})' \
                                  .format(metrics_dict_discrim['loss']))
    
    ax1.set_xlabel('epoch {:2d}'.format(global_epoch))
    ax1.legend(loc='upper left')
    
    ax1.relim()
    ax1.autoscale_view()
    
    # Contour Plot
    
    ax2.cla()

    w_grid_ratio = ratio_estimator.predict(w_grid.reshape(300*300, 2))
    w_grid_ratio = w_grid_ratio.reshape(300, 300)

    ax2.contourf(w1, w2, w_grid_ratio, cmap='magma')
    ax2.scatter(*inputs.T, c=targets, s=4.**2, alpha=.8, cmap='coolwarm')

    ax2.set_xlabel('$w_1$')
    ax2.set_ylabel('$w_2$')

    ax2.set_xlim(w_min, w_max)
    ax2.set_ylim(w_min, w_max)
    
    # Progress Bar Updates
    
    prog_bar.update()
    prog_bar.set_postfix(loss_inference=metrics_dict_inference['loss'],
                         loss_discriminator=metrics_dict_discrim['loss'])

    return loss_plot_inference, loss_plot_discrim
In [65]:
with tqdm_notebook(total=50, 
                   unit='epoch', leave=True) as prog_bar:

    anim = FuncAnimation(fig, 
                         train_animate,
                         fargs=(prog_bar,),
                         frames=50,
                         interval=200, # 5 fps
                         blit=True)
    
    anim_html5_video = anim.to_html5_video()
    
HTML(anim_html5_video)
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.

Out[65]:
In [66]:
with tqdm_notebook(total=50, 
                   unit='epoch', leave=True) as prog_bar:

    anim = FuncAnimation(fig, 
                         train_animate,
                         fargs=(prog_bar,),
                         frames=50,
                         interval=200, # 5 fps
                         blit=True)
    
    anim_html5_video = anim.to_html5_video()
    
HTML(anim_html5_video)
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.

Out[66]:
In [67]:
with tqdm_notebook(total=50, 
                   unit='epoch', leave=True) as prog_bar:

    anim = FuncAnimation(fig, 
                         train_animate,
                         fargs=(prog_bar,),
                         frames=50,
                         interval=200, # 5 fps
                         blit=True)
    
    anim_html5_video = anim.to_html5_video()
    
HTML(anim_html5_video)
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.

Out[67]:
In [68]:
with tqdm_notebook(total=50, 
                   unit='epoch', leave=True) as prog_bar:

    anim = FuncAnimation(fig, 
                         train_animate,
                         fargs=(prog_bar,),
                         frames=50,
                         interval=200, # 5 fps
                         blit=True)
    
    anim_html5_video = anim.to_html5_video()
    
HTML(anim_html5_video)
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.

Out[68]:

Evaluating the model

In [81]:
w_sample_prior = prior.rvs(size=128)
eps = np.random.randn(256, NOISE_DIM)
w_sample_posterior = inference.predict(eps)
inputs = np.vstack((w_sample_prior, w_sample_posterior))
targets = np.hstack((np.zeros(128), np.ones(256)))
In [82]:
w_grid_ratio = ratio_estimator.predict(w_grid.reshape(300*300, 2))
w_grid_ratio = w_grid_ratio.reshape(300, 300)
In [85]:
fig, (ax1, ax2) = plt.subplots(ncols=2, figsize=(9, 4))

ax1.contourf(w1, w2, w_grid_ratio, cmap='magma')
ax1.scatter(*inputs.T, c=targets, s=4.**2, alpha=.8, cmap='coolwarm')

ax1.set_xlabel('$w_1$')

ax1.set_xlim(w_min, w_max)
ax1.set_ylim(w_min, w_max)

ax2.contourf(w1, w2, np.sum(llhs, axis=2), 
             cmap=plt.cm.magma)
ax2.scatter(*inputs.T, c=targets, s=4.**2, alpha=.8, cmap='coolwarm')

ax2.set_xlabel('$w_1$')
ax2.set_ylabel('$w_2$')

ax2.set_xlim(w_min, w_max)
ax2.set_ylim(w_min, w_max)

plt.show()
In [101]:
eps = np.random.randn(5000, NOISE_DIM)
w_sample_posterior = inference.predict(eps)
In [105]:
fig, (ax1, ax2) = plt.subplots(ncols=2, figsize=(9, 4))

ax1.contourf(w1, w2, 
            np.exp(log_prior+np.sum(llhs, axis=2)), 
            cmap=plt.cm.magma)

ax1.scatter(*inference.predict(eps[::10]).T, 
            s=4.**2, alpha=.6, cmap='coolwarm_r')

ax1.set_xlabel('$w_1$')
ax1.set_ylabel('$w_2$')

ax1.set_xlim(w_min, w_max)
ax1.set_ylim(w_min, w_max)

sns.kdeplot(*inference.predict(eps).T,
            cmap='magma', ax=ax2)

plt.show()

Variational Inference with Implicit Models (forked from @fhuszar)

In [1]:
%matplotlib inline
%config InlineBackend.figure_format = 'svg'
In [2]:
import numpy as np
import theano

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import seaborn as sns

from collections import defaultdict

from scipy.special import expit
from scipy.stats import logistic

from theano import tensor as T
from theano.tensor.shared_randomstreams import RandomStreams
from theano.printing import debugprint

from lasagne.updates import adam
from lasagne.utils import floatX
from lasagne.nonlinearities import sigmoid
from lasagne.layers import get_output, get_all_params
from lasagne.layers import (InputLayer,
                            DenseLayer,
                            NonlinearityLayer)


from matplotlib.animation import FuncAnimation
from IPython.display import HTML, SVG, display_html
from tqdm import tnrange, tqdm_notebook
/home/tiao/.virtualenvs/implicit/lib/python3.5/site-packages/theano/tensor/signal/downsample.py:6: UserWarning: downsample module has been moved to the theano.tensor.signal.pool module.
  "downsample module has been moved to the theano.tensor.signal.pool module.")
In [3]:
# display animation inline
plt.rc('animation', html='html5')
plt.style.use('seaborn-notebook')
sns.set_context('notebook')
In [4]:
np.set_printoptions(precision=2,
                    edgeitems=3,
                    linewidth=80,
                    suppress=True)
In [5]:
LATENT_DIM = 2
NOISE_DIM = 3
BATCH_SIZE = 200
PRIOR_VARIANCE = 2.
LEARNING_RATE = 3e-3
PRETRAIN_EPOCHS = 60
In [6]:
w_min, w_max = -5, 5
In [7]:
w1, w2 = np.mgrid[w_min:w_max:300j, w_min:w_max:300j]
In [8]:
w_grid = np.dstack((w1, w2))
w_grid.shape
Out[8]:
(300, 300, 2)
In [9]:
log_prior = -.5*np.sum(w_grid**2, axis=2)/PRIOR_VARIANCE
log_prior.shape
Out[9]:
(300, 300)
In [10]:
fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(5, 5))

ax.contourf(w1, w2, log_prior, cmap='magma')

ax.set_xlabel('$w_1$')
ax.set_ylabel('$w_2$')

ax.set_xlim(w_min, w_max)
ax.set_ylim(w_min, w_max)

plt.show()
In [11]:
x1 = np.array([ 1.5,  1.])
x2 = np.array([-1.5,  1.])
x3 = np.array([  .5, -1.])
In [12]:
X = np.vstack((x1, x2, x3))
X.shape
Out[12]:
(3, 2)
In [13]:
y1 = 1
y2 = 1
y3 = -1
In [14]:
y = np.stack((y1, y2, y3))
y.shape
Out[14]:
(3,)
In [15]:
def log_likelihood(w, x, y):
    # equiv. to negative binary cross entropy
    return logistic.logcdf(y*(np.dot(w.T,x)))
In [16]:
llhs = log_likelihood(w_grid.T, X.T, y)
llhs.shape
Out[16]:
(300, 300, 3)
In [17]:
fig, axes = plt.subplots(ncols=3, figsize=(6, 2))
fig.tight_layout()

for i, ax in enumerate(axes):
    
    ax.contourf(w1, w2, llhs[::,::,i], cmap=plt.cm.magma)

    ax.set_xlim(w_min, w_max)
    ax.set_ylim(w_min, w_max)
    
    ax.set_title('$p(y_{{{0}}} \mid x_{{{0}}}, w)$'.format(i+1))
    ax.set_xlabel('$w_1$')    
    
    if not i:
        ax.set_ylabel('$w_2$')

plt.show()
In [18]:
fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(5, 5))

ax.contourf(w1, w2, np.sum(llhs, axis=2), cmap='magma')

ax.set_xlabel('$w_1$')
ax.set_ylabel('$w_2$')

ax.set_xlim(w_min, w_max)
ax.set_ylim(w_min, w_max)

plt.show()
In [19]:
# unnormalised log posterior
# only for illustration purposes
log_post = log_prior + np.sum(llhs, axis=2)
In [20]:
fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(5, 5))

ax.contourf(w1, w2, np.exp(log_post), cmap='magma')
ax.scatter(*X.T, c=y, cmap='coolwarm', marker=',')

ax.set_xlabel('$w_1$')
ax.set_ylabel('$w_2$')

ax.set_xlim(w_min, w_max)
ax.set_ylim(w_min, w_max)

plt.show()

Fitting an approximate posterior

This part is for the actual GAN stuff. Here we define the generator and the discriminator networks in Lasagne, and code up the two loss functions in theano.

In [21]:
#defines a 'generator' network
def build_G(input_var=None, num_z = 3):
    
    network = InputLayer(input_var=input_var, shape=(None, num_z))
    
    network = DenseLayer(incoming = network, num_units=10)
    
    network = DenseLayer(incoming = network, num_units=20)
    
    network = DenseLayer(incoming = network, num_units=2, nonlinearity=None)
    
    return network
In [22]:
#defines the 'discriminator network'
def build_D(input_var=None):

    network = InputLayer(input_var=input_var, shape = (None, 2))
    
    network = DenseLayer(incoming = network, num_units=10)
    
    network = DenseLayer(incoming = network, num_units=20)
    
    network = DenseLayer(incoming = network, num_units=1, nonlinearity=None)
    
    normalised = NonlinearityLayer(incoming = network, nonlinearity = sigmoid)
    
    return { 'unnorm':network, 'norm':normalised }
In [23]:
#variables for input (design matrix), output labels, GAN noise variable, weights
x_var = T.matrix('design matrix')
y_var = T.vector('labels')
z_var = T.matrix('GAN noise')
w_var = T.matrix('weights')

#theano variables for things like batchsize, learning rate, etc.
batchsize_var = T.scalar('batchsize', dtype='int32')
prior_variance_var = T.scalar('prior variance')
learningrate_var = T.scalar('learning rate')

#random numbers for sampling from the prior or from the GAN
srng = RandomStreams(seed=13574437)
z_rnd = srng.normal((batchsize_var,3))
prior_rnd = srng.normal((batchsize_var,2))

#instantiating the G and D networks
generator = build_G(z_var)
discriminator = build_D()

#these expressions are random samples from the generator and the prior, respectively
samples_from_grenerator = get_output(generator, z_rnd)
samples_from_prior = prior_rnd*T.sqrt(prior_variance_var)

#discriminator output for synthetic samples, both normalised and unnormalised (after/before sigmoid)
D_of_G = get_output(discriminator['norm'], inputs=samples_from_grenerator)
s_of_G = get_output(discriminator['unnorm'], inputs=samples_from_grenerator)

#discriminator output for real samples from the prior
D_of_prior = get_output(discriminator['norm'], inputs=samples_from_prior)

#loss of discriminator - simple binary cross-entropy loss
loss_D = -T.log(D_of_G).mean() - T.log(1-D_of_prior).mean()

#log likelihood for each synthetic w sampled from the generator
log_likelihood = T.log(
    T.nnet.sigmoid(
        (y_var.dimshuffle(0,'x','x')*(x_var.dimshuffle(0,1,'x') * samples_from_grenerator.dimshuffle('x', 1, 0))).sum(1)
    )
).sum(0).mean()

#loss for G is the sum of unnormalised discriminator output and the negative log likelihood
loss_G = s_of_G.mean() - log_likelihood

#compiling theano functions:
evaluate_generator = theano.function(
    [z_var],
    get_output(generator),
    allow_input_downcast=True
)

sample_generator = theano.function(
    [batchsize_var],
    samples_from_grenerator,
    allow_input_downcast=True,
)

sample_prior = theano.function(
    [prior_variance_var, batchsize_var],
    samples_from_prior,
    allow_input_downcast=True
)

params_D = get_all_params(discriminator['norm'], trainable=True)

updates_D = adam(
    loss_D,
    params_D,
    learning_rate = learningrate_var
)

train_D = theano.function(
    [learningrate_var, batchsize_var, prior_variance_var],
    loss_D,
    updates = updates_D,
    allow_input_downcast = True
)

params_G = get_all_params(generator, trainable=True)

updates_G = adam(
    loss_G,
    params_G,
    learning_rate = learningrate_var
)

train_G = theano.function(
    [x_var, y_var, learningrate_var, batchsize_var],
    loss_G,
    updates = updates_G,
    allow_input_downcast = True
)

evaluate_discriminator = theano.function(
    [w_var],
    get_output([discriminator['unnorm'],discriminator['norm']],w_var),
    allow_input_downcast = True
)

#this is to evaluate the log-likelihood of an arbitrary set of w
llh_for_w = T.nnet.sigmoid((y_var.dimshuffle(0,'x','x')*(x_var.dimshuffle(0,1,'x') * w_var.dimshuffle('x', 1, 0))).sum(1))

evaluate_loglikelihood = theano.function(
        [x_var, y_var, w_var],
        llh_for_w,
        allow_input_downcast = True
    )
In [24]:
fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(5, 5))

w_grid_ratio, _ = evaluate_discriminator(w_grid.reshape(300*300, 2))
w_grid_ratio = w_grid_ratio.reshape(300,300)

ax.contourf(w1, w2, w_grid_ratio, cmap='magma')

ax.set_xlabel('$w_1$')
ax.set_ylabel('$w_2$')

ax.set_xlim(w_min, w_max)
ax.set_ylim(w_min, w_max)

plt.show()
In [25]:
w_sample_prior = sample_prior(PRIOR_VARIANCE, BATCH_SIZE)
w_sample_posterior = sample_generator(BATCH_SIZE)
In [26]:
inputs = np.vstack((w_sample_prior, w_sample_posterior))
targets = np.hstack((np.zeros(BATCH_SIZE), np.ones(BATCH_SIZE)))
In [27]:
fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(5, 5))

ax.contourf(w1, w2, np.exp(log_post), cmap='magma')

ax.scatter(*inputs.T, c=targets, s=4.**2, alpha=.8, cmap='coolwarm')

ax.set_xlabel('$w_1$')
ax.set_ylabel('$w_2$')

ax.set_xlim(w_min, w_max)
ax.set_ylim(w_min, w_max)

plt.show()
In [28]:
fig, (ax1, ax2) = plt.subplots(nrows=1, ncols=2, figsize=(9, 4))

loss_plot, = ax1.plot([], label='loss')

ax1.set_xlabel('epoch')
ax1.legend(loc='upper left')

ax2.contourf(w1, w2, w_grid_ratio, cmap='magma')
ax2.scatter(*inputs.T, c=targets, s=4.**2, alpha=.8, cmap='coolwarm')

ax2.set_xlabel('$w_1$')
ax2.set_ylabel('$w_2$')

ax2.set_xlim(w_min, w_max)
ax2.set_ylim(w_min, w_max)

plt.show()
In [29]:
def train_animate(epoch_num, prog_bar, batch_size=200, steps_per_epoch=15):

    # Single training epoch
    
    for step in tnrange(steps_per_epoch, unit='step', leave=False):
        
        loss = np.asscalar(train_D(LEARNING_RATE, 
                                   batch_size, 
                                   PRIOR_VARIANCE))
    
    w_sample_prior = sample_prior(PRIOR_VARIANCE, batch_size)
    w_sample_posterior = sample_generator(batch_size)

    inputs = np.vstack((w_sample_prior, w_sample_posterior))
    targets = np.hstack((np.zeros(batch_size), np.ones(batch_size)))    
    
    w_grid_ratio, _ = evaluate_discriminator(w_grid.reshape(300*300, 2))
    w_grid_ratio = w_grid_ratio.reshape(300,300)
    
    # Plot Loss

    loss_plot.set_xdata(np.append(loss_plot.get_xdata(), epoch_num))    
    loss_plot.set_ydata(np.append(loss_plot.get_ydata(), loss))
    loss_plot.set_label('loss ({:.2f})'.format(loss))
    
    ax1.set_xlabel('epoch {:2d}'.format(epoch_num))
    ax1.legend(loc='upper left')

    ax1.relim()
    ax1.autoscale_view()
    
    # Contour Plot
    
    ax2.cla()
    
    ax2.contourf(w1, w2, w_grid_ratio, cmap='magma')
    ax2.scatter(*inputs.T, c=targets, s=4.**2, alpha=.8, cmap='coolwarm')

    ax2.set_xlabel('$w_1$')
    ax2.set_ylabel('$w_2$')

    ax2.set_xlim(w_min, w_max)
    ax2.set_ylim(w_min, w_max)
    
    # Progress Bar Updates
    
    prog_bar.update()
    prog_bar.set_postfix(loss=loss)

    return loss_plot,
In [30]:
# main training loop is managed by higher-order
# FuncAnimation which makes calls to an `animate` 
# function that encapsulates the logic of single
# training epoch. Has benefit of producing 
# animation but can incur significant overhead
with tqdm_notebook(total=PRETRAIN_EPOCHS, 
                   unit='epoch', leave=True) as prog_bar:

    anim = FuncAnimation(fig, 
                         train_animate,
                         fargs=(prog_bar,),
                         frames=PRETRAIN_EPOCHS,
                         interval=200, # 5 fps
                         blit=True)

    anim_html5_video = anim.to_html5_video()
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In [31]:
HTML(anim_html5_video)
Out[31]:
In [32]:
fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(5, 5))

w_grid_ratio, _ = evaluate_discriminator(w_grid.reshape(300*300, 2))
w_grid_ratio = w_grid_ratio.reshape(300,300)

ax.contourf(w1, w2, w_grid_ratio, cmap='magma')

ax.scatter(*inputs.T, c=targets, s=4.**2, alpha=.8, cmap='coolwarm')

ax.set_xlabel('$w_1$')
ax.set_ylabel('$w_2$')

ax.set_xlim(w_min, w_max)
ax.set_ylim(w_min, w_max)

plt.show()

Adversarial Training

In [33]:
llh_theano = evaluate_loglikelihood(X, y, w_grid.reshape(300*300, 2))
llh_theano.shape
Out[33]:
(3, 90000)
In [34]:
fig, (ax1, ax2) = plt.subplots(ncols=2, figsize=(9, 4))

ax1.contourf(w1, w2, np.sum(llhs, axis=2), 
             cmap='magma')

ax1.set_xlabel('$w_1$')
ax1.set_ylabel('$w_2$')

ax1.set_xlim(w_min, w_max)
ax1.set_ylim(w_min, w_max)
ax1.set_title('numpy loglikelihood')

ax2.contourf(w1, w2, np.sum(np.log(llh_theano), 0).reshape(300,300), 
             cmap='magma')

ax2.set_xlabel('$w_1$')
ax2.set_ylabel('$w_2$')

ax2.set_xlim(w_min, w_max)
ax2.set_ylim(w_min, w_max)
ax2.set_title('theano loglikelihood')

plt.show()
In [35]:
np.allclose(np.sum(llhs, axis=2),
            np.sum(np.log(llh_theano), 0).reshape(300,300))
Out[35]:
True
In [36]:
fig, (ax1, ax2) = plt.subplots(nrows=1, ncols=2, figsize=(9, 4))

global_epoch = 0

plots_dict = {k:ax1.plot([], label=k)[0] for k in ('inference', 
                                                   'discriminator', 
                                                   'neg_log_likelihood',
                                                   'kl')}

ax1.set_xlabel('epoch')
ax1.set_ylabel('loss')
ax1.legend(loc='upper left')

ax2.contourf(w1, w2, w_grid_ratio, cmap='magma')
ax2.scatter(*inputs.T, c=targets, s=4.**2, alpha=.8, cmap='coolwarm')

ax2.set_xlabel('$w_1$')
ax2.set_ylabel('$w_2$')

ax2.set_xlim(w_min, w_max)
ax2.set_ylim(w_min, w_max)

plt.show()
In [37]:
def train_animate(epoch_num, prog_bar, batch_size=200, 
                  steps_per_epoch=15):

    global global_epoch, plots_dict

    plot_values = defaultdict(int)
    
    # Single training epoch

    ## Ratio estimator training

    for _ in tnrange(150, unit='step', desc='discriminator', 
                     leave=False):

        plot_values['discriminator'] = np.asscalar(train_D(LEARNING_RATE, 
                                                           batch_size, 
                                                           PRIOR_VARIANCE))
    
    ## Inference model training

    for _ in tnrange(1, unit='step', desc='inference', leave=False):

        np.asscalar(train_G(X, y, LEARNING_RATE, batch_size))

    global_epoch += 1

    w_sample_prior = sample_prior(PRIOR_VARIANCE, batch_size)
    w_sample_posterior = sample_generator(batch_size)

    inputs = np.vstack((w_sample_prior, w_sample_posterior))
    targets = np.hstack((np.zeros(batch_size), np.ones(batch_size)))

    plot_values['kl'] = np.mean(evaluate_discriminator(w_sample_posterior)[0])
    plot_values['neg_log_likelihood'] = -np.mean(np.sum(np.log(evaluate_loglikelihood(X, y, w_sample_posterior)), axis=0))
    
    plot_values['inference'] = plot_values['kl'] + plot_values['neg_log_likelihood']

    w_grid_ratio, _ = evaluate_discriminator(w_grid.reshape(300*300, 2))
    w_grid_ratio = w_grid_ratio.reshape(300,300)
    
    # Plot Loss

    for k in plots_dict:

        plots_dict[k].set_xdata(np.append(plots_dict[k].get_xdata(), global_epoch))
        plots_dict[k].set_ydata(np.append(plots_dict[k].get_ydata(), plot_values[k]))
        plots_dict[k].set_label('{} ({:.2f})'.format(k, plot_values[k]))

    ax1.set_xlabel('epoch {:2d}'.format(global_epoch))
    ax1.legend(loc='upper left')
    
    ax1.relim()
    ax1.autoscale_view()
    
    # Contour Plot
    
    ax2.cla()

    ax2.contourf(w1, w2, w_grid_ratio, cmap='magma')
    ax2.scatter(*inputs.T, c=targets, s=4.**2, alpha=.8, cmap='coolwarm')

    ax2.set_xlabel('$w_1$')
    ax2.set_ylabel('$w_2$')

    ax2.set_xlim(w_min, w_max)
    ax2.set_ylim(w_min, w_max)

    # Progress Bar Updates
    
    prog_bar.update()
#     prog_bar.set_postfix(loss_g=loss_g, loss_d=loss_d)

    return list(plots_dict.values())
In [38]:
with tqdm_notebook(total=50, 
                   unit='epoch', leave=True) as prog_bar:

    anim = FuncAnimation(fig, 
                         train_animate,
                         fargs=(prog_bar,),
                         frames=50,
                         interval=200, # 5 fps
                         blit=True)
    
    anim_html5_video = anim.to_html5_video()
    
HTML(anim_html5_video)
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.

Out[38]:
In [39]:
with tqdm_notebook(total=50, 
                   unit='epoch', leave=True) as prog_bar:

    anim = FuncAnimation(fig, 
                         train_animate,
                         fargs=(prog_bar,),
                         frames=50,
                         interval=200, # 5 fps
                         blit=True)
    
    anim_html5_video = anim.to_html5_video()
    
HTML(anim_html5_video)
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.

Out[39]:
In [40]:
with tqdm_notebook(total=50, 
                   unit='epoch', leave=True) as prog_bar:

    anim = FuncAnimation(fig, 
                         train_animate,
                         fargs=(prog_bar,),
                         frames=50,
                         interval=200, # 5 fps
                         blit=True)
    
    anim_html5_video = anim.to_html5_video()
    
HTML(anim_html5_video)
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.

Out[40]:
In [41]:
with tqdm_notebook(total=50, 
                   unit='epoch', leave=True) as prog_bar:

    anim = FuncAnimation(fig, 
                         train_animate,
                         fargs=(prog_bar,),
                         frames=50,
                         interval=200, # 5 fps
                         blit=True)
    
    anim_html5_video = anim.to_html5_video()
    
HTML(anim_html5_video)
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.
Widget Javascript not detected.  It may not be installed or enabled properly.

Out[41]:
In [42]:
w_grid_ratio, _ = evaluate_discriminator(w_grid.reshape(300*300, 2))
w_grid_ratio = w_grid_ratio.reshape(300,300)
In [43]:
w_sample_prior = sample_prior(PRIOR_VARIANCE, 100)
w_sample_posterior = sample_generator(100)
In [44]:
inputs = np.vstack((w_sample_prior, w_sample_posterior))
targets = np.hstack((np.zeros(100), np.ones(100)))
In [45]:
fig, (ax1, ax2) = plt.subplots(ncols=2, figsize=(9, 4))

ax1.contourf(w1, w2, w_grid_ratio, cmap='magma')
ax1.scatter(*inputs.T, c=targets, s=4.**2, alpha=.8, cmap='coolwarm')

ax1.set_xlabel('$w_1$')

ax1.set_xlim(w_min, w_max)
ax1.set_ylim(w_min, w_max)

ax1.set_title('estimated log density ratio $\Phi^{-1}(D)$')

ax2.contourf(w1, w2, np.sum(llhs, axis=2), 
             cmap=plt.cm.magma)

ax2.set_xlabel('$w_1$')
ax2.set_ylabel('$w_2$')

ax2.set_xlim(w_min, w_max)
ax2.set_ylim(w_min, w_max)

ax2.set_title('log likelihood')

plt.show()
In [46]:
fig, ax = plt.subplots( figsize=(5, 5))

ax.contourf(w1, w2, 
            np.exp(log_post), 
            cmap=plt.cm.magma)

ax.scatter(*sample_generator(1000).T, 
            s=4.**2, alpha=.6, cmap='coolwarm_r')

ax.set_xlabel('$w_1$')
ax.set_ylabel('$w_2$')

ax.set_xlim(w_min, w_max)
ax.set_ylim(w_min, w_max)

plt.show()
In [50]:
fig, (ax1, ax2) = plt.subplots(ncols=2, figsize=(9, 4))

ax1.contourf(w1, w2, 
            np.exp(log_prior+np.sum(llhs, axis=2)), 
            cmap=plt.cm.magma)

ax1.scatter(*sample_generator(100).T, 
            s=4.**2, alpha=.6, cmap='coolwarm_r')

ax1.set_xlabel('$w_1$')
ax1.set_ylabel('$w_2$')

ax1.set_xlim(w_min, w_max)
ax1.set_ylim(w_min, w_max)

ax1.set_title('true posterior')

sns.kdeplot(*sample_generator(5000).T,
            shade=True, cmap='magma', ax=ax2)

ax2.set_xlim(w_min, w_max)
ax2.set_ylim(w_min, w_max)

ax2.set_title('kde of approximate posterior')

plt.show()

Exploring the Google QuickDraw Dataset with SketchRNN (Part 3)

t-SNE Visualization of Sheep Sketches

This is the third part in a series of notes on my exploration of the recently released Google QuickDraw dataset 1, using the concurrently released SketchRNN model.

The QuickDraw dataset is curated from the millions of drawings contributed by over 15 million people around the world who participated in the "Quick, Draw!" A.I. Experiment, in which they were given the challenge of drawing objects belonging to a particular class (such as "cat") in under 20 seconds.

SketchRNN is an impressive generative model that was trained to produce vector drawings using this dataset. It was of particular interest to me because it cleverly assembles many of the latest tools and techniques recently developed in machine learning, such as Variational Autoencoders, HyperLSTMs (a HyperNetwork for LSTM), Autoregressive models, Layer Normalization, Recurrent Dropout, the Adam optimizer, among others.

Read more…

Exploring the Google QuickDraw Dataset with SketchRNN (Part 2)

This is the second part in a series of notes on my exploration of the recently released Google QuickDraw dataset, using the concurrently released SketchRNN model.

In the previous note, we set up our development environment, downloaded a subset of the data along with some pre-trained models, and developed some utilities for visualizing the data in the notebook. We retain most of the code from previous note and omit the expository code and markdown cells.


The QuickDraw dataset is curated from the millions of drawings contributed by over 15 million people around the world who participated in the "Quick, Draw!" A.I. Experiment, in which they were given the challenge of drawing objects belonging to a particular class (such as "cat") in under 20 seconds.

SketchRNN is a very impressive generative model that was trained to produce vector drawings using this dataset. It was of particular interest to me because it cleverly combines many of the latest tools and techniques recently developed in machine learning, such as Variational Autoencoders, HyperLSTMs (a HyperNetwork for LSTM), Autoregressive models, Layer Normalization, Recurrent Dropout, the Adam optimizer, and others.

In [48]:
%matplotlib inline
%config InlineBackend.figure_format = 'svg'
%load_ext autoreload
%autoreload 2
The autoreload extension is already loaded. To reload it, use:
  %reload_ext autoreload
In [49]:
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import matplotlib.patches as patches

import numpy as np
import tensorflow as tf

from matplotlib.animation import FuncAnimation
from matplotlib.path import Path
from matplotlib import rc

from six.moves import map
In [50]:
from magenta.models.sketch_rnn.sketch_rnn_train import \
    (load_env,
     load_checkpoint,
     reset_graph,
     download_pretrained_models,
     PRETRAINED_MODELS_URL)
from magenta.models.sketch_rnn.model import Model, sample
from magenta.models.sketch_rnn.utils import (lerp,
                                             slerp,
                                             get_bounds, 
                                             to_big_strokes,
                                             to_normal_strokes)
In [52]:
# For inine display of animation
# equivalent to rcParams['animation.html'] = 'html5'
rc('animation', html='html5')
In [53]:
# set numpy output to something sensible
np.set_printoptions(precision=8, 
                    edgeitems=6, 
                    linewidth=200, 
                    suppress=True)
In [54]:
tf.logging.info("TensorFlow Version: {}".format(tf.__version__))
INFO:tensorflow:TensorFlow Version: 1.1.0

Getting the Pre-Trained Models and Data

In [7]:
DATA_DIR = ('http://github.com/hardmaru/sketch-rnn-datasets/'
            'raw/master/aaron_sheep/')
MODELS_ROOT_DIR = '/tmp/sketch_rnn/models'
In [8]:
DATA_DIR
Out[8]:
'http://github.com/hardmaru/sketch-rnn-datasets/raw/master/aaron_sheep/'
In [9]:
PRETRAINED_MODELS_URL
Out[9]:
'http://download.magenta.tensorflow.org/models/sketch_rnn.zip'
In [10]:
download_pretrained_models(
    models_root_dir=MODELS_ROOT_DIR,
    pretrained_models_url=PRETRAINED_MODELS_URL)
INFO:tensorflow:/tmp/sketch_rnn/models/sketch_rnn.zip already exists, using cached copy
INFO:tensorflow:Unzipping /tmp/sketch_rnn/models/sketch_rnn.zip...
INFO:tensorflow:Unzipping complete.

We look at the layer normalized model trained on the aaron_sheep dataset for now.

In [11]:
MODEL_DIR = MODELS_ROOT_DIR + '/aaron_sheep/layer_norm'
In [12]:
(train_set, 
 valid_set, 
 test_set, 
 hps_model, 
 eval_hps_model, 
 sample_hps_model) = load_env(DATA_DIR, MODEL_DIR)
INFO:tensorflow:Downloading http://github.com/hardmaru/sketch-rnn-datasets/raw/master/aaron_sheep/aaron_sheep.npz
INFO:tensorflow:Loaded 7400/300/300 from aaron_sheep.npz
INFO:tensorflow:Dataset combined: 8000 (7400/300/300), avg len 125
INFO:tensorflow:model_params.max_seq_len 250.
total images <= max_seq_len is 7400
total images <= max_seq_len is 300
total images <= max_seq_len is 300
INFO:tensorflow:normalizing_scale_factor 18.5198.
In [222]:
class SketchPath(Path):
    
    def __init__(self, data, factor=.2, *args, **kwargs):
        
        vertices = np.cumsum(data[::, :-1], axis=0) / factor
        codes = np.roll(self.to_code(data[::,-1].astype(int)), 
                        shift=1)
        codes[0] = Path.MOVETO

        super(SketchPath, self).__init__(vertices, 
                                         codes, 
                                         *args, 
                                         **kwargs)
        
    @staticmethod
    def to_code(cmd):
        # if cmd == 0, the code is LINETO
        # if cmd == 1, the code is MOVETO (which is LINETO - 1)
        return Path.LINETO - cmd
In [69]:
def draw(sketch_data, factor=.2, pad=(10, 10), ax=None):

    if ax is None:
        ax = plt.gca()

    x_pad, y_pad = pad
    
    x_pad //= 2
    y_pad //= 2
        
    x_min, x_max, y_min, y_max = get_bounds(data=sketch_data,
                                            factor=factor)

    ax.set_xlim(x_min-x_pad, x_max+x_pad)
    ax.set_ylim(y_max+y_pad, y_min-y_pad)

    sketch = SketchPath(sketch_data)

    patch = patches.PathPatch(sketch, facecolor='none')
    ax.add_patch(patch)

The real fun begins

Everything up to here has more or less been copied straight from the previous notebook. Now we load the pre-trained SketchRNN model and use it to begin our exploration of the test dataset.

In [110]:
# construct the sketch-rnn model here:
reset_graph()
model = Model(hps_model)
eval_model = Model(eval_hps_model, reuse=True)
sample_model = Model(sample_hps_model, reuse=True)
INFO:tensorflow:Model using gpu.
INFO:tensorflow:Input dropout mode = False.
INFO:tensorflow:Output dropout mode = False.
INFO:tensorflow:Recurrent dropout mode = True.
INFO:tensorflow:Model using gpu.
INFO:tensorflow:Input dropout mode = False.
INFO:tensorflow:Output dropout mode = False.
INFO:tensorflow:Recurrent dropout mode = False.
INFO:tensorflow:Model using gpu.
INFO:tensorflow:Input dropout mode = False.
INFO:tensorflow:Output dropout mode = False.
INFO:tensorflow:Recurrent dropout mode = False.
In [111]:
sess = tf.InteractiveSession()
sess.run(tf.global_variables_initializer())
In [112]:
# loads the weights from checkpoint into our model
load_checkpoint(sess=sess, checkpoint_path=MODEL_DIR)
INFO:tensorflow:Loading model /tmp/sketch_rnn/models/aaron_sheep/layer_norm/vector.
INFO:tensorflow:Restoring parameters from /tmp/sketch_rnn/models/aaron_sheep/layer_norm/vector

The helper functions for encoding a sketch to some latent code $z$ and then decoding it back to a sketch were provided in the original notebook. I just made some minor syntactic changes and removed the behaviour of plotting as a side-effect.

In [73]:
def encode(input_strokes):
    strokes = to_big_strokes(input_strokes).tolist()
    strokes.insert(0, [0, 0, 1, 0, 0])
    seq_len = [len(input_strokes)]
    z = sess.run(eval_model.batch_z,
                 feed_dict={
                    eval_model.input_data: [strokes], 
                    eval_model.sequence_lengths: seq_len})[0]
    return z
In [74]:
def decode(z_input=None, temperature=.1, factor=.2):
    z = None
    if z_input is not None:
        z = [z_input]
    sample_strokes, m = sample(
        sess, 
        sample_model, 
        seq_len=eval_model.hps.max_seq_len, 
        temperature=temperature, z=z)
    return to_normal_strokes(sample_strokes)

Now we get a random sample from the test dataset

In [120]:
sketch = test_set.random_sample()
In [138]:
fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(3, 3),
                       subplot_kw=dict(xticks=[], 
                                       yticks=[], 
                                       frame_on=False))

draw(sketch, ax=ax)

plt.show()

We project it into the 128-dimensional latent space using the pre-trained encoder

In [183]:
z = encode(sketch)
z.shape
Out[183]:
(128,)

Now we can reconstruct the original sketch from the learned latent representation using the pre-trained decoder, with temperature $\tau=0.8$. The temperature parameter controls the level of randomness in the samples generated by the model, which becomes deterministic as $\tau \to 0$, and produces samples that are the most likely point in the probability density function. See pg. 7 of the original paper for further discussion of the effects the temperature parameter has on the sampling process.

In [216]:
sketch_reconstructed = decode(z, temperature=.6)
sketch_reconstructed.shape
Out[216]:
(250, 3)
In [217]:
fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(3, 3),
                       subplot_kw=dict(xticks=[], 
                                       yticks=[], 
                                       frame_on=False))

draw(sketch_reconstructed, ax=ax)

plt.show()

Variance in the Reconstruction

The grid of drawings below consists of samples of the reconstructed drawings at various settings of the temperature parameter. The first column is the original drawing, and each of the remaining columns are 5 samples of the reconstructed drawing with $\tau$ increasing from 0.1 to 0.9.

In [182]:
fig, ax_arr = plt.subplots(nrows=5, 
                           ncols=10, 
                           figsize=(8, 4),
                           subplot_kw=dict(xticks=[],
                                           yticks=[],
                                           frame_on=False))
fig.tight_layout()

for row_num, ax_row in enumerate(ax_arr):    
    for col_num, ax in enumerate(ax_row):
        if not col_num:
            draw(sketch, ax=ax)
            xlabel = 'original'
        else:
            t = col_num / 10.
            draw(decode(z, temperature=t), ax=ax)
            xlabel = r'$\tau={}$'.format(t)
        if row_num+1 == len(ax_arr):
            ax.set_xlabel(xlabel)

plt.show()

At the lowest setting of the temperature at $\tau=0.1$, we see the samples consistently share a similar appearance - they all look like vertical strokes emanating from a fluffy cloud. However, they are also consistently dissimilar to the original sketch. In this sense, the samples from the models seems to exhibit high bias and low variance. As we increase the variance in the samples by increasing $\tau$, we start to find some samples that resemble our original sketch. But when we increase $\tau$ a little too much, beyond say 0.8, we begin to see a little too much randomness in the samples.

Drawing Comparisons

Humans typically write and, by extension, draw from left to right, top to bottom. Here, I wanted to animate the process of the original sketch being drawn alongside the decoder's reconstruction of the sketch to compare stroke patterns, typical stroke lengths, etc.

In [218]:
fig, (ax1, ax2) = plt.subplots(ncols=2, nrows=1, figsize=(6, 3),
                               subplot_kw=dict(xticks=[], 
                                               yticks=[]))
fig.tight_layout()

x_pad, y_pad = 10, 10
    
x_pad //= 2
y_pad //= 2

(x_min_1, 
 x_max_1,
 y_min_1,
 y_max_1) = get_bounds(data=sketch, factor=.2)

(x_min_2, 
 x_max_2, 
 y_min_2, 
 y_max_2) = get_bounds(data=sketch_reconstructed, factor=.2)

x_min = np.minimum(x_min_1, x_min_2)
y_min = np.minimum(y_min_1, y_min_2)

x_max = np.maximum(x_max_1, x_max_2)
y_max = np.maximum(y_max_1, y_max_2)

ax1.set_xlim(x_min-x_pad, x_max+x_pad)
ax1.set_ylim(y_max+y_pad, y_min-y_pad)

ax1.set_xlabel('Original')

ax2.set_xlim(x_min-x_pad, x_max+x_pad)
ax2.set_ylim(y_max+y_pad, y_min-y_pad)

ax2.set_xlabel('Reconstruction')
Out[218]:
<matplotlib.text.Text at 0x7f232a2097d0>
In [219]:
def animate(i):

    original = SketchPath(sketch[:i+1])
    reconstructed = SketchPath(sketch_reconstructed[:i+1])

    patch1 = ax1.add_patch(patches.PathPatch(original,
                                             facecolor='none'))

    patch2 = ax2.add_patch(patches.PathPatch(reconstructed, 
                                             facecolor='none'))
    
    return patch1, patch2
In [220]:
frames = np.maximum(sketch.shape[0], 
                    sketch_reconstructed.shape[0])
frames
Out[220]:
249
In [221]:
FuncAnimation(fig,
              animate,
              frames=frames-1, 
              interval=15,
              repeat_delay=1000*3, 
              blit=True)
Out[221]:

Unfortunately, the strokes that make up a sketch have been normalized with the Ramer–Douglas–Peucker algorithm, which is a simple stroke simplification process. This means the strokes aren't quite the same as the that which the human originally used to construct the sketch. Moreover, the timing of each stroke are also important to understanding patterns in how humans draw quick sketches. While timestamp data is provided in the full QuickDraw dataset, they are not preserved in the modified version of the dataset used by SketchRNN.

Exploring the Google QuickDraw Dataset with SketchRNN (Part 1)

This is the first part in what will hopefully be a series of notes 1 on my exploration of the recently released Google QuickDraw dataset, using the concurrently released SketchRNN model.

The QuickDraw dataset is curated from the millions of drawings contributed by over 15 million people around the world who participated in the "Quick, Draw!" A.I. Experiment, in which they were given the challenge of drawing objects belonging to a particular class (such as "cat") in under 20 seconds.

SketchRNN is a very impressive generative model that was trained to produce vector drawings using this dataset. It was of particular interest to me because it cleverly combines many of the latest tools and techniques recently developed in machine learning, such as Variational Autoencoders, HyperLSTMs (a HyperNetwork for LSTM), Autoregressive models, Layer Normalization, Recurrent Dropout, the Adam optimizer, and others.

This notebook was based on the notebook included with the code release. I've made significant stylistic changes and some minor changes to ensure Python 3 compatibility as Magenta only supports Python 2 currently.


  1. These notes will likely be quite hasty and unpolished , as it has been written more for myself than anyone else. While I've always tried to avoid cluttering up my blog with notebooks on in-progress work, I've decided to just make a habit of posting them everytime I complete a session of work on something for the day. The aim is to start creating series of short and succinct notebooks, and avoid further accumulating a collection of long and disorganized notebooks that I never want to touch again, because the sheer effort of going through, cleaning up the experimental code, and articulating it effectively in a well-thought-out blog article just requires too much willpower. Doing it this way will hopefully make it much easier for me to create and share useful content quickly.

Environment Set-up

Some preamble for plotting (I really ought to put these in a config file at some point...), and importing dependencies. I've made the imports here explicit so we know exactly what methods/objects are imported and can find the module from which they were imported more easily.

In [1]:
%matplotlib inline
%config InlineBackend.figure_format = 'svg'
%load_ext autoreload
%autoreload 2
In [2]:
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import matplotlib.patches as patches

import numpy as np
import tensorflow as tf

from matplotlib.path import Path
In [3]:
from magenta.models.sketch_rnn.sketch_rnn_train import \
    (load_env,
     load_checkpoint,
     reset_graph,
     download_pretrained_models,
     PRETRAINED_MODELS_URL)
from magenta.models.sketch_rnn.model import Model, sample
from magenta.models.sketch_rnn.utils import (get_bounds, 
                                             to_big_strokes,
                                             to_normal_strokes)
In [4]:
# set numpy output to something sensible
np.set_printoptions(precision=8, 
                    edgeitems=6, 
                    linewidth=200, 
                    suppress=True)
In [5]:
tf.logging.info("TensorFlow Version: {}".format(tf.__version__))
INFO:tensorflow:TensorFlow Version: 1.1.0

Getting the Pre-Trained Models and Data

In [6]:
DATA_DIR = ('http://github.com/hardmaru/sketch-rnn-datasets/'
            'raw/master/aaron_sheep/')
MODELS_ROOT_DIR = '/tmp/sketch_rnn/models'
In [7]:
DATA_DIR
Out[7]:
'http://github.com/hardmaru/sketch-rnn-datasets/raw/master/aaron_sheep/'
In [8]:
PRETRAINED_MODELS_URL
Out[8]:
'http://download.magenta.tensorflow.org/models/sketch_rnn.zip'
In [9]:
download_pretrained_models(
    models_root_dir=MODELS_ROOT_DIR,
    pretrained_models_url=PRETRAINED_MODELS_URL)
INFO:tensorflow:/tmp/sketch_rnn/models/sketch_rnn.zip already exists, using cached copy
INFO:tensorflow:Unzipping /tmp/sketch_rnn/models/sketch_rnn.zip...
INFO:tensorflow:Unzipping complete.

The directory tree looks like this. There are a few pretrained models for us to explore.

In [10]:
!tree -L 3 /tmp/sketch_rnn/
/tmp/sketch_rnn/
└── models
    ├── aaron_sheep
    │   ├── layer_norm
    │   ├── layer_norm_uncond
    │   ├── lstm
    │   └── lstm_uncond
    ├── catbus
    │   └── lstm
    ├── elephantpig
    │   └── lstm
    ├── flamingo
    │   └── lstm_uncond
    ├── owl
    │   └── lstm
    └── sketch_rnn.zip

14 directories, 1 file

We look at the layer normalized model trained on the aaron_sheep dataset for now.

In [11]:
MODEL_DIR = MODELS_ROOT_DIR + '/aaron_sheep/layer_norm'
In [12]:
(train_set, 
 valid_set, 
 test_set, 
 hps_model, 
 eval_hps_model, 
 sample_hps_model) = load_env(DATA_DIR, MODEL_DIR)
INFO:tensorflow:Downloading http://github.com/hardmaru/sketch-rnn-datasets/raw/master/aaron_sheep/aaron_sheep.npz
INFO:tensorflow:Loaded 7400/300/300 from aaron_sheep.npz
INFO:tensorflow:Dataset combined: 8000 (7400/300/300), avg len 125
INFO:tensorflow:model_params.max_seq_len 250.
total images <= max_seq_len is 7400
total images <= max_seq_len is 300
total images <= max_seq_len is 300
INFO:tensorflow:normalizing_scale_factor 18.5198.

Drawing the Dataset

The strokes object variable is the list of data points, which are sequences of strokes, represented as a 2D NumPy array of xy-offsets and the pen state.

In [13]:
len(train_set.strokes)
Out[13]:
7400

We can get a random sample from the dataset like so

In [122]:
a = train_set.random_sample()
a.shape
Out[122]:
(122, 3)

In the original notebook, the authors implemented their own function to iterate through a stroke sequence and write out a SVG Path string. I found this a bit inelegant and cumbersome to work with.

Here we simply subclass Path, which underpins all matplotlib.patch classes. This is almost perfect for our data format since it "supports the standard set of moveto, lineto, curveto commands to draw simple and compound outlines consisting of line segments and splines. The Path is instantiated with a (N,2) array of (x,y) vertices, and a N-length array of path codes." We just need to normalize the data slightly as we shall explain later.

In [133]:
class StrokesPath(Path):
    
    def __init__(self, data, factor=.2, *args, **kwargs):
        
        vertices = np.cumsum(data[::, :-1], axis=0) / factor
        codes = np.roll(self.to_code(data[::,-1].astype(int)), 
                        shift=1)

        super(StrokesPath, self).__init__(vertices, 
                                          codes, 
                                          *args, 
                                          **kwargs)
        
    @staticmethod
    def to_code(cmd):
        # if cmd == 0, the code is LINETO
        # if cmd == 1, the code is MOVETO (which is LINETO - 1)
        return Path.LINETO - cmd

Now drawing the strokes becomes as simple as

In [134]:
fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(3, 3))

strokes = StrokesPath(a)

patch = patches.PathPatch(strokes, facecolor='none')
ax.add_patch(patch)

x_min, x_max, y_min, y_max = get_bounds(data=a, factor=.2)

ax.set_xlim(x_min-5, x_max+5)
ax.set_ylim(y_max+5, y_min-5)

ax.axis('off')

plt.show()

We define this as a function to maximize modularity and reusability

In [135]:
def draw(stroke, factor=.2, pad=(10, 10), ax=None):

    if ax is None:
        ax = plt.gca()

    x_pad, y_pad = pad
    
    x_pad //= 2
    y_pad //= 2
        
    x_min, x_max, y_min, y_max = get_bounds(data=stroke,
                                            factor=factor)

    ax.set_xlim(x_min-x_pad, x_max+x_pad)
    ax.set_ylim(y_max+y_pad, y_min-y_pad)

    strokes = StrokesPath(stroke)

    patch = patches.PathPatch(strokes, facecolor='none')
    ax.add_patch(patch)
    
    ax.axis('off')

Now it is easy to fully take advantage of the functionality provided by Matplotlib to create more complex plots. For example, to draw the sketches in a grid, we just call our draw function on the grid of axes created with subplots.

In [136]:
fig, ax_arr = plt.subplots(nrows=5, 
                           ncols=10, 
                           figsize=(8, 4),
                           subplot_kw=dict(xticks=[],
                                           yticks=[],
                                           frame_on=False))
fig.tight_layout()

for ax_row in ax_arr:
    for ax in ax_row:
        strokes = train_set.random_sample()
        draw(strokes, ax=ax)

plt.show()
Explanation

The last column of the 2D array is essentially a binary value that gives the pen action taken prior to the next stroke in the sequence.

In [137]:
a[::,-1].astype(int)
Out[137]:
array([1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
       0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1])

A 1 means the pen is to be lifted from the current point before being moved to the next point. In terms of SVG Path commands or Matplotlib Path codes, this corresponds to the next point being preceded by the m command or having the MOVETO code, respectively. Otherwise, the pen just draws a line to the next point, which means it is preceded by the l command or has the LINETO code.

Our to_code static method above simply turns the pen action for the next state to the corresponding Matplotlib Path code.

In [138]:
{c: getattr(Path, c) for c in dir(Path) if c.isupper()}
Out[138]:
{'CLOSEPOLY': 79,
 'CURVE3': 3,
 'CURVE4': 4,
 'LINETO': 2,
 'MOVETO': 1,
 'NUM_VERTICES_FOR_CODE': {0: 1, 1: 1, 2: 1, 3: 2, 4: 3, 79: 1},
 'STOP': 0}
In [139]:
StrokesPath.to_code(a[::,-1].astype(int))
Out[139]:
array([1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,
       2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 1])

As explained, the $i$th code is meant for the $i+1$th vertex, so we are not done just yet. We must right shift the array by 1. But what do we do with the first and last elements of the sequence?

Note that the pen action for all stroke sequences are terminated with the pen being lifted. This corresponds to the next vertex having a MOVETO code. However, there are no vertices left, so this is superfluous and may be discarded.

In [140]:
all(StrokesPath.to_code(a[-1,-1]) == Path.MOVETO \
    for a in train_set.strokes)
Out[140]:
True

On the other hand, the first vertex is always required to have a MOVETO code (otherwise, where the drawing actually begins is not well-defined). Therefore, the most simple and elegant solution is just to np.roll the array to right by 1, so the first code takes on the value of the last code, which is always a MOVETO.

Lastly, while SVG Paths supports both absolute positions and relative offsets (with M and m commands respectively), Matplotlib only supports absolute positions. As the datasets gives the points as relative offsets, we convert it to absolute positions simply by calling taking the cumulative sum with np.cumsum.

Trigonometric functions with recursion and higher-order functions in Python

In [1]:
%matplotlib inline
%config InlineBackend.figure_format = 'svg'
In [2]:
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np

from itertools import count, islice, takewhile
from functools import reduce, partial

The Taylor series expansion for the trigonometric function $\sin{x}$ around the point $a=0$ (also known as the Maclaurin series in this case) is given by:

$$ \sin{x} = x - \frac{x^3}{3!} + \frac{x^5}{5!} - \dotsb \text{ for all } x $$

The $k$th term of the expansion is given by

$$ \frac{(-1)^k}{(2k+1)!} x^{2k+1} $$

It is easy to evaluate this closed-form expression directly. However, it is more elegant and indeed more efficient to compute the terms bottom-up, by iteratively calculating the next term using the value of the previous term. This is just like computing factorials or a sequence of Fibonacci numbers using the bottom-up approach in dynamic programming.

Read more…

Matplotlib Unchained

I a previous post, I outlined how to embed a Matplotlib Animation directly in the Jupyter Notebook as a HTML5 video. In this notebook, we take the same Animation and save it as a GIF using Imagemagick. First, let us reproduce the FuncAnimation object from the notebook.

In [1]:
%matplotlib inline
In [2]:
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

from matplotlib import animation, rc
from IPython.display import HTML, Image
In [3]:
# equivalent to rcParams['animation.html'] = 'html5'
rc('animation', html='html5')
In [4]:
# Create new Figure with black background
fig = plt.figure(figsize=(8, 8), facecolor='black')

# Add a subplot with no frame
ax = fig.add_subplot(111, frameon=False)

# Generate random data
data = np.random.uniform(0, 1, (64, 75))
X = np.linspace(-1, 1, data.shape[-1])
G = 1.5 * np.exp(-4 * X * X)

# Set y limit (or first line is cropped because of thickness)
ax.set_ylim(-1, 70)

# No ticks
ax.set_xticks([])
ax.set_yticks([])

# 2 part titles to get different font weights
ax.text(0.5, 1.0, "MATPLOTLIB ", transform=ax.transAxes,
        ha="right", va="bottom", color="w",
        family="sans-serif", fontweight="light", fontsize=16)
ax.text(0.5, 1.0, "UNCHAINED", transform=ax.transAxes,
        ha="left", va="bottom", color="w",
        family="sans-serif", fontweight="bold", fontsize=16)

# Generate line plots
lines = [ax.plot((1-i/200.)*X, i+G*d , color="w", lw=1.5-i/100.)[0] 
         for i, d in enumerate(data)]
In [5]:
def animate(*args):
    # Shift all data to the right
    data[:, 1:] = data[:, :-1]

    # Fill-in new values
    data[:, 0] = np.random.uniform(0, 1, len(data))

    # Update data
    for i, line in enumerate(lines):
        line.set_ydata(i + G * data[i])

    # Return modified artists
    return lines
In [6]:
# call the animator. blit=True means only re-draw the parts that have changed.
anim = animation.FuncAnimation(fig, animate, interval=20, blit=True)

Now, we just need to save the animation instance with writer=imagemagick. But before we do that, we first make sure imagemagick has been properly installed on our system.

In [7]:
!brew install imagemagick 
Updating Homebrew...
Warning: imagemagick-7.0.5-3 already installed

Now we can go ahead and save it as a GIF.

In [8]:
anim.save('../../files/unchained.gif', writer='imagemagick', fps=60, savefig_kwargs=dict(facecolor='black'))

Let's read it back in and display it to make sure it saved as expected.

In [9]:
Image(url='../../../unchained.gif')
Out[9]:

Visualizing and Animating Optimization Algorithms with Matplotlib

In this series of notebooks, we demonstrate some useful patterns and recipes for visualizing animating optimization algorithms using Matplotlib.

In [1]:
%matplotlib inline
In [2]:
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import autograd.numpy as np

from mpl_toolkits.mplot3d import Axes3D
from matplotlib.colors import LogNorm
from matplotlib import animation
from IPython.display import HTML

from autograd import elementwise_grad, value_and_grad
from scipy.optimize import minimize
from collections import defaultdict
from itertools import zip_longest
from functools import partial

We shall restrict our attention to 3-dimensional problems for right now (i.e. optimizing over only 2 parameters), though what follows can be extended to higher dimensions by plotting all pairs of parameters against each other, effectively projecting the problem to 3-dimensions.

The Wikipedia article on Test functions for optimization has a few functions that are useful for evaluating optimization algorithms. In particular, we shall look at Beale's function:

$$ f(x, y) = (1.5 - x + xy)^2 + (2.25 - x + xy^2)^2 + (2.625 - x + xy^3)^2 $$

In [3]:
f  = lambda x, y: (1.5 - x + x*y)**2 + (2.25 - x + x*y**2)**2 + (2.625 - x + x*y**3)**2